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Barbara Loden (July 8, 1932 – September 5, 1980) was a Broadway Tony award-winning American stage and film actress, model, and stage/film director. She was the first woman to write, direct and star in her own feature film, ''Wanda'', which won the International Critics Award at the 1970 Venice Film Festival. Loden also directed several off-Broadway plays.〔''The Hollywood Reporter'', Barbara Loden obituary, September 8, 1980.〕〔“Barbara Loden, award-winning stage, film actress, dies”, ''Los Angeles Herald-Examiner'', September 6, 1980.〕 Loden was a life member of the famed The Actors Studio and appeared in several projects directed by second husband, noted film director, Elia Kazan, including ''Splendor in the Grass''. Loden appeared as a regular sidekick on the irreverent ''The Ernie Kovacs Television Show'', where she would get pies thrown in her face or pretend to be “sawed in half”.〔 ==Career highlights== Barbara Loden made her New York theater debut in 1947 in ''Compulsion'' and also appeared on stage in ''The Highest Tree'' with Robert Redford as well as ''Night Circus'' with Ben Gazzara and in the stage version of ''Come Back to the Five and Dime, Jimmy Dean, Jimmy Dean''.〔“Barbara Loden, award-winning stage, film actress, dies”, ''Los Angeles Herald-Examiner'', September 6, 1980.〕 She made her television debut on ''The Ernie Kovacs Show'' as a “scantily clad” sidekick to Kovacs, a job that her first husband television producer and film distributor, Larry Joachim helped her to attain.〔The New York Times “Driven by Fierce Visions of Independence” by Kate Taylor, Sunday August 29, 2010〕 According to Loden, she owed a lot to Ernie Kovacs, as another producer on the show had initially vetoed Kovacs' decision to hire her. In interviews, Loden said he had “felt sorry” for her and said, “You can be on the show anyway.” He gave her the job of stunt sidekick, rolling around in a rug or getting hit in the face with a pie.〔Earl Wilson, ”Thirteen Was Lucky For Broadway Star”, ''Los Angeles Herald-Examiner'', March 21, 1964.〕 In 1960, Loden appeared in Elia Kazan's film ''Wild River'' as Montgomery Clift’s secretary. Loden was perhaps better known for her role in ''Splendor in the Grass'' (1961), in which she played Warren Beatty's sister. Loden famously portrayed “Maggie”, a fictionalized version of Marilyn Monroe in Kazan's Lincoln Center Repertory Company stage production of ''After the Fall'' (1964), which was written by Monroe's former husband, playwright Arthur Miller. Loden received a Tony award for best actress for her performance in ''After the Fall'', as well as an annual award of the Outer Circle, an organization of writers who covered Broadway for national magazines.〔Barbara Loden obituary, ''The Hollywood Reporter'', September 8, 1980.〕 ''After the Fall'' reviews touted that Loden was the “new Jean Harlow” a “blonde bombshell”. Loden would marry director Kazan, her second husband. Loden was originally cast in the Frank Perry-directed film ''The Swimmer'', starring Burt Lancaster. It was to be Loden’s first major screen role, following smaller parts in other films such as ''Splendor in the Grass'' and ''Wild River''. However, during post-production there was a dispute about the scene between producer Sam Spiegel and the film’s writer/director team, the Perrys. According to notes by screenwriter Eleanor Perry, Spiegel began showing the troubled rough cut of the film around Hollywood, polling several of his famous film director friends about what he should do with it.〔Chris Innis, "The Story of the Swimmer” documentary; available on the 2014 Grindhouse Releasing release of ''The Swimmer'' on Blu-ray/DVD〕 Kazan was still a major film director who still had great influence. Kazan had also secretly been shown a private screening of the film by his friend and producer Spiegel (producer of Kazan’s ''On the Waterfront''), and had reportedly interfered with the final cut.〔 Perry was ultimately fired from the film. Several of the film's scenes were re-cast and re-shot by Sidney Pollack who was hired to replace Perry and with Lancaster reportedly paying for some of the reshoots himself.〔〔“She's at Home”, ''The Los Angeles Times'', June 5, 1966.〕 Among the scenes that were entirely re-cast and re-shot was the notorious Loden scene, with Broadway stage actress Janice Rule replacing Loden. Neither Loden nor Sidney Pollack were credited on the film. All that remains of the lost scene are still photos taken on the set, which appear in the 2014 documentary, ''The Story of The Swimmer'', by Chris Innis.〔 In Kazan’s autobiography, ''Elia Kazan: A Life'', he revealed his desire and lack of ability to control Loden. As the New York Times reported, Kazan wrote about Loden, “with a mix of affection and patronization, emphasizing her sexuality and her backcountry feistiness.”〔The New York Times “Driven by Fierce Visions of Independence” by Kate Taylor, Sunday August 29, 2010〕 In a “condescending” way, Kazan bemoaned that Loden had depended on her “sexual appeal” to get ahead, and that he was afraid of “losing her”.〔”Elia Kazan: A Life” by Elia Kazan, Alfred A. Knopf, pp. 794-814 (1988); ISBN 9780394559537.〕 Kazan was, in his words, “protective” of Loden.〔〔 In spite of this, in 1970 Loden wrote, produced, directed, and starred in her own independent film, ''Wanda'', made with the collaboration of cinematographer and editor Nicholas T. Proferes, on a meager budget of $115,000.〔 ''Wanda'' is an semi-autobiographical portrait of a “passive, disconnected coal miner’s wife who attaches herself to a petty crook.”〔 Innovative in its cinéma vérité style, it was one of the few American films directed by a woman to be theatrically released at that time. Film critic David Thomson wrote, "''Wanda'' is full of unexpected moments and raw atmosphere, never settling for cliché in situation or character." The film was the only American film accepted to, and which won, the International Critics' Prize at the Venice Film Festival in 1970, and was presented at the 1971 Cannes Film Festival.〔 In 2010, with support from Gucci, the film was restored by the UCLA Film & Television Archive and screened at the Museum of Modern Art in Manhattan.〔 Loden had received a lot of interest at the Cannes Festival for this first directing venture. Although proud of her accomplishments,“I realized I was losing her”, Kazan wrote about the attention she was receiving. Kazan went so far as to state that she had then irritated him by dressing in a more masculine fashion in boots and trousers, as her new role of film director might have required. Although the two remained married, Kazan and Loden reportedly grew apart emotionally, even through Loden's later breast cancer crisis. According to Kazan, Loden blamed him for the “negativity” that she thought had caused her stress, and thus her cancer.〔 Despite her work in several monumental films and stage plays and her relationship with Kazan (or perhaps because of it), Loden “found most doors closed to her” in the film business and like her character in ''Wanda'', was not embraced by society.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Barbara Loden」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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